China goes electric, but can it get off coal?

Published 7 June 2026 · world

The world's clean energy superpower also emits the most CO2. But coal-fired power may have peaked as China electrifies its economy with ever more renewables

The world's clean energy superpower also emits the most CO2. But coal-fired power may have peaked as China electrifies its economy with ever more renewables. China is undergoing a renewable energy revolution. In 2025 alone, it added nearly 450 gigawatts (GW) of clean energy capacity, which was more solar and twice as much wind as the rest of the world combined. Before 2010, China had only limited renewable energy. Today, electricity generated by huge wind and solar farms that stretch out across mountains, deserts, on rooftops and off the coast, account for a quarter of electricity production. The country achieved the goal of adding 1,200 GW of wind and solar capacity to the grid by 2030 five years ahead of schedule. China also produces over 80% of the world's photovoltaic panels, helping drive down costs and accelerating the clean energy transition globally. Its quest to rid itself of dependence on foreign oil and gas has been the chief inspiration for the rapid expansion of domestic energy sources and electrification, says Tim Buckley, director of Australian think tank Climate Energy Finance. Beijing invested early in electric vehicles, and batteries, noted Buckley. Fossil fuel-free vehicles now account for more than half of all car sales in China, compared with about 19% in the European Union. But the clean energy boom has not displaced coal, the most polluting fossil fuel. The country remains the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide and continues to exploit its own vast coal reserves in pursuit of energy self-reliance. China consumes over 50% of global supply, in part because it's the only fossil fuel it doesn't have to import. In January and February 2026 alone, China added 20 gigawatts of coal-fired power capacity — nearly half the amount of new renewables added over the same period. This partly explains why the country is not on track to meet its 2060 carbon neutrality goal, according to climate think tank, Carbon Tracker.

The contradiction is at the center of scrutiny over China's latest five year-plan (5YP), a policy blueprint that will shape the economy through 2031 and determine whether the country can meet its climate pledges and help curb planetary heating. The new 5YP: A coal and renewables balancing act In 2015, China signed onto the Paris climate agreement, which aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit) or preferably 1.5C, compared to pre-industrial levels. The country then committed to peak CO2 emissions before 2030, and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. For Beijing to achieve those goals, Climate Action Tracker says China needs "clear targets for coal consumption reduction" in its new 5YP. However, the economic roadmap released in March was not "explicit about how fossil fuels will be constrained," said China analyst Qi Qin of the Finland-based Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air. Though Chinese President Xi Jinping promised in 2021 to detail a reduction in coal energy use in the 2026-31 plan, it contains "no clear phase-down plan, no clear fossil fuel cap," said Qin. "The language is much more conservative than many people expected," she told DW. One reason is the continued influence of the powerful coal lobby on Chinese government policy. Coal burning for electricity has been a major source of pollution in China Image: Da Qing/dpa/picture alliance The 5YP calls for China to become an "energy powerhouse," but does not specify the scale of future renewable expansion. At the same time, a 2025 government statement on China's "new energy system" said clean energy, including batteries, is expected to provide primary baseload power in the future, with retrofitted coal plants serving as a flexible back-up. Despite concerns that China is not yet on track to meet its Paris climate targets, there are signs its emissions growth may be slowing.