How drought threatens electricity supplies in Europe

Published 6 August 2026 · europe

Droughts, heat and falling water levels in the Danube are hitting central and southeastern Europe hard. Hungary and Romania are experiencing an energy crisis

Droughts, heat and falling water levels in the Danube are hitting central and southeastern Europe hard. Hungary and Romania are experiencing an energy crisis — whereas countries like Bulgaria are better prepared. Riverbeds reduced to tiny streams, asphalt melting like butter, dried-up fields — these are currently the images of drought in Central and Southeastern Europe. The record-breaking lack of rainfall in recent months and this summer's heatwaves have caused severe damage to the region's economy and infrastructure. In the agriculture sector, it has been clear for some time that harvests in Southeastern Europe, especially maize and sunflower crops, will be significantly below average. The heatwaves are also repeatedly disrupting road, rail and, above all, shipping transport. But, most importantly, the drought has triggered an unprecedented crisis in electricity generation in several Central and Southeastern European countries, forcing companies to halt production due to the historically low water level of the Danube. Hungary and Romania are currently most affected by the energy crisis. Other countries bordering the Danube — Austria, Slovakia, Serbia and Bulgaria — are also suffering from low water levels, although not as severely as Hungary and Romania. DW outlines the situation in each country and explains why, despite facing similar weather conditions, some are more severely affected than others. Hungary: Most severe energy crisis in decades No country in the region is currently as severely affected by drought and heat as Hungary. For months, there has been little or no rainfall in large parts of the country. On Wednesday, temperatures reached 43 degrees Celsius (109.4 degrees Fahrenheit) in the capital Budapest, and exceeded 40 degrees in many places across the country. Due to the record-low water levels of the Danube, the Paks nuclear power plant south of Budapest had to largely shut down operations, as there is no longer sufficent cooling water available and the temperature of the Danube water is too high. The plant is currently operating at around 12% of its capacity. If Danube water levels continue to drop, the plant will have to be shut down completely. Due to the energy crisis, the Hungarian government has been urging large energy consumers to conserve electricity. As a result, several car manufacturers, including Audi Gyor, oil and gas company MOL and other large companies have scaled back production.

Hungary's energy crisis — the worst in decades — is so severe because of the country's unfavorable energy mix. Paks generates around 50% of the electricity produced in Hungary and about one-third of the electricity consumed. Although Hungary has significant solar energy capacity, it lacks storage facilities, has too few modern gas-fired power plants and very little wind or hydropower capacity. In Prahovo (eastern Serbia), the Danube's low water level has revealed the remains of a German WW II warship Image: Darko Vojinovic/AP Photo/dpa/picture alliance Even if the Danube water levels rise significantly again, the Paks nuclear power plant cannot simply be brought back online quickly — the process takes a considerable amount of time. Therefore, Hungary's energy crisis will continue for at least several more weeks, during which the country will have to import electricity at high prices. In response to the crisis, the new government under Peter Magyar has announced a comprehensive review of Hungary's energy development strategy. Romania: Blasting rocks to redirect water Romania is experiencing a similar, though somewhat less severe, energy crisis. The Cernavoda nuclear power plant, also located on the Danube in the southeast of the country, produces roughly one-fifth of Romania's electricity. Due to the river's exceptionally low water level, one of the plant's two 700-megawatt reactors was taken offline last week. Southwest of the Cernavoda plant, Romanian authorities blasted a rock formation this week to divert more water into the Danube's eastern branch, where the nuclear plant is located. In addition, dozens of tons of rock were dumped into the river to channel more water into that branch. Romania's navy carried out a controlled blast of submerged rocks to allow more water to flow into the eastern branch of the Danube Image: Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo/dpa/picture alliance Romania has a relatively balanced energy mix consisting of hydropower, nuclear energy, natural gas, coal and wind power. However, because hydropower accounts for around one-fifth of the country's electricity generation — primarily through the Iron Gate hydroelectric plant on the Danube — Romania is particularly vulnerable to droughts such as the current one. Due to the energy crisis, several major companies, including Dacia and Ford Romania, have scaled back production.