‘Homeland or death’: How Cuba would defend itself against a US attack

With Castro indicted, a US military operation in Cuba could be imminent, but Havana is not entirely defenceless, some analysts argue. Helen Yaffe, in her frequent, regular trips to Cuba for the last 30 years, remembers once when a Category Four hurricane barrelled its way to the island. The academic and podcaster was then living in a house with 13 other people, and when the storm hit, there was no panic – everyone already knew their role. Some escorted elderly and vulnerable neighbours to shelters. Others prepared to clear debris once the winds subsided. Cuba’s system of national defence against such meteorological disasters has been lauded by the United Nations and the World Health Organization for minimising casualties despite frequent extreme weather. Now, Havana is seeking to apply a similar model to a different threat: a possible United States military confrontation, as President Donald Trump’s rhetoric towards Cuba intensified on Wednesday, with US federal prosecutors indicting former Cuban President Raul Castro in the sharpest escalation between the two countries in years. The indictment dates back to a 1996 incident in which four American men died when Cuban jets allegedly shot down aircraft operated by Cuban exiles. It charges Castro with conspiracy to kill US nationals, four counts of murder and two counts of aircraft destruction. Amid the tensions, on Saturday, Cuba’s Civil Defence released a multi-page guide titled The Family Guide for Protection Against Military Aggression, listing the responsibilities of families in the case of a US attack, as well as numerous safety protocols. The guide builds from Cuba’s defence doctrine, named War of All People, which it adopted after the fall of the Soviet Union, and envisions resisting foreign invasion by mobilising the entire civilian population through guerrilla warfare, local militias and civil defence networks, said Yaffe. “Everyone in Cuba is trained militarily and … incorporated into this system of national defence,” Yaffe, a professor of Latin American political economy at the University of Glasgow, and host of the podcast titled Cuba Analysis, told Al Jazeera. Castro’s indictment marks the latest escalation in a mounting pressure campaign that has included a surge in US surveillance flights off Cuba’s coast in recent months, a narrowly defeated US Senate move to block efforts to limit Trump’s authority to use military force against the island, and executive orders declaring Cuba a “significant threat” to US national security. And Trump has stated, plainly, that “Cuba is next”. A US military operation, therefore, could be imminent, analysts have said. While opinions diverge, some analysts said Cuba is not entirely defenceless despite being in the grips of blackouts, fuel shortages caused by a US oil blockade, and the loss of Venezuelan energy supplies following Nicolas Maduro’s abduction and ouster from Caracas. The Venezuela model ‘won’t work in Cuba’ When US forces abducted Maduro on January 3, the operation’s speed stunned the world. But 32 of those killed in the fighting were Cuban – troops who put up “a really fierce resistance”, said Yaffe. Trump himself even acknowledged it, she said. For his part, Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel said on Monday that any US military action against Cuba would lead to a “bloodbath” and that the island does not represent a threat. “They talk about the Venezuelan model, and the question was, would they go for the Venezuelan model in Cuba? It won’t work in Cuba,” said Yaffe. “The narrative from the Cuban leaders, and actually the Cuban people, has been: ‘They think that was a fierce resistance? That was 32 Cubans. Imagine if they come here, [there] will be 10 million.’” Carlos Malamud, an Argentinian Latin America analyst at the Elcano Royal Institute in Madrid, Spain, agrees that Cuba presents a fundamentally different challenge than Venezuela. The Cuban military, he said, is better trained and better equipped than its Venezuelan counterpart. Sebastian Arcos, the Cuban-American director at Florida International University’s Institute for Cuban Studies, however, had a sharply different take on Havana’s armed forces. “Cuba’s military is obsolete. They have little chance of resisting the US,” he told Al Jazeera. “Cuba is a harder target [than Venezuela], not so much militarily, but because they have had time to prepare for a similar operation.” But another key variable is geography, the analysts agreed. The proximity of Cuba to the US means that Cuba’s “capacity of response”, including its air force, is far greater than anything the US faced in Caracas or in Iran — where the US and Israel have waged a war against Tehran since February 28, though a fragile ceasefire is in place — said Malamud. Any attack on Cuba, he said, carries with it the very real possibility of Cuban retaliation reaching American cities. “The capacity to provoke losses in the civilian population, and in the American cities, like Miami, for exa